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Gunnar Björling:
An Introduction by
Fredrik Hertzberg
Gunnar Björling (1887–1960)
was arguably the most radical Finland-Swedish modernist poet, yet he was
also, in some ways, the one who adhered most to the poetic tradition.
Born in Helsinki, Björling studied philosophy, struggling to find
an outlook on life that could carry him through it. After working briefly
as a schoolteacher, he began writing poetry full-time, living a life more
or less in poverty in a Helsinki basement overlooking the sea. Björling
was an outcast partly on account of his homosexuality, the practice of
which was legally a crime throughout his lifetime. Though his poetry was
seen as obscure and incomprehensible by the general public, he had many
friends and supporters, not least a number of younger poets and other
[End Page 15] artists from all over Scandinavia, some of whom regularly
visited him in his basement.
Björling's debut,
Vilande dag (Resting day), a book of prose poems and aphorisms,
was published in 1922. He published another twenty books of poetry, the
last one, Du går de ord (You go the words), in 1955. At one
point, in the late twenties, he labeled his poetry "Universalistic Dada-Individualism,"
and from the early thirties elaborated a poetic practice sometimes referred
to as "leaving out parts of sentences," or "breaking up the syntax." Bengt
Holmqvist's account, from a 1949 introduction to Björling's poetry,
is more nuanced: "On the whole, it seems as if Björling's sensitivity
for words is mainly of a different kind than that which is achieved by
a style based on effects created by images. He has realized this himself,
when over the years he has increasingly restricted his images and instead
directed his efforts at liberating the syntax itself from the schemes
of everyday language. In this lies his great and innovative achievement."
1
At the same time, the
everyday—or, as Björling might have put it, the "day"—and
everyday language are at the center of his poetic project. (A recent study
of his poetry, written by Anders Olsson, is characteristically titled
Att skriva dagen [To write the day].) As for many other modern
poets, language, for Björling, constitutes the poetic medium. What
sets him apart is his technique of using only the most ordinary words,
insisting that "my language is not in the words." There is in his poetry
a skepticism of language—the despair that "each explanation is delimiting
closuring, each word leads astray"—paired with a struggle against
skepticism and a strong faith in language, which makes reading it an extraordinary
experience.
I have prefaced my translations
of Björling's poems with a few selections of poetics, taken from
various sources. The first two quotes are from a 1928 essay called "Universalism,"
the third from a 1947 essay called "Min skrift—lyrik?" (My writing—poetry?),
the fourth is from the 1934 collection Fågel badar snart i vattnen
(Bird bathes soon in the waters), and the last one from a contribution
to the Finland-Swedish modernist periodical Quosego. The poems
are taken from the following collections (the numbering is my own): 1,
7, and 17: Luft är och ljus (Air is and light) (1946); 2,
3, 18, 19, and 20: Du går de ord (You go the words) (1955);
4 and 5: Där jag vet att du (Where I know that you) (1938);
6: Att i sitt öga (That in one's eye) (1954); 8 and 12: Ett
blyersstreck (A pencilstroke) (1951); 9: Korset och Löftet
(The cross and the [End Page 16] vow) (1925); 10: Kiri-ra!
(1930); 11: Ord och att ej annat (Words and that not other) (1945);
13: Vårt kattliv timmar (Our catlife hours) (1949); 14: Solgrönt
(Sungreen) (1933); 15 and 16: Ohört blott (Unheard merely)
(1946).
Finally, a few words on
my approach to the translation of the poems. Since Björling's poetry
resists a smooth syntax and constructs its music through such resistance,
I have chosen to bring out this angular, material aspect of the text,
thereby perhaps occasionally exaggerating its "foreignness." What appears
strange in the Swedish original may easily become even stranger in English,
but this should perhaps be seen as an opportunity rather than a drawback.
Philip Lewis, in coining the term "abusive fidelity," advocates a fidelity
to the abuse of the original text, that is, to its abuse of conventional
forms and language. Amplifying the foreign aspects of the original serves
to refresh its (time-worn) material opacity. What has guided my hyperliteralism
here is the thought that Björling's poetry should be taken on its
own terms, by attending to its textual conditions rather than explaining
the poetry or making it (seem) easier to digest.
Fredrik
Hertzberg has a Ph.D. from the poetics program at SUNY Buffalo.
He is working toward the F.D. in comparative literature at Äbo Akademi
University in Finland. His most recent publication (a collaboration) is
Pappaboken (Dad's
book, 2001). He has taught for several years in the Department of Comparative
Literature at Äbo Akademi and reviews books for the main Finland-Swedish
newspaper, Hufvudstadsbladet.
Note
The work of Gunnar Björling
is printed with permission of Finlands Svenska Författare-fšrening
– Society of Swedish Authors in Finland. The Society of Swedish
Authors in Finland (FSF),founded in 1919, is the central organization
of Swedish-language writers in Finland. It is a professional union of
Þction writers and essayists. The purpose of FSF is to safeguard the interests
of the Swedish-language writers in Finland and to promote Swedish-language
literature in Finland. The number of members is 186.
1.
Bengt Holmqvist, Kritiska ögonblick: Essäer, artiklar 1946–1986
(Critical moments: Essays, articles, 1946–1986) (Stockholm: Bonniers,
1987), 133.
Gunnar Björling
(Translated from Swedish by Fredrik Hertzberg)
Poetics
Poetry is a form for life, released harmony from a given life-material
or a life-impression that is expressed. Poetry is the in itself
clear, unity and immediacy—experience, not intellect, morality,
usefulness, not what we call beautiful or ugly. Poetry is the individual—and
(note)—all. An unboundedness that is released in the mind.
It is not a thought, finished and complete, that seeks expression in
a beautiful form. It is thought's struggle, what is in and below the thoughts;
it is the things and all things behind them, the life-material, expressed
in our perception, that we should render in aesthetic creation.
—to say something? say what? we know it not, it falls upon us,
our thought grows, the leaf grows and our thoughts put forth shoots, new
overviews come over us when we think write live experience.
I thought I spoke so simply that the birds held their breath. I said
all that I was in one word's sound. It was said, I kill man. That was
my intention. [End Page 17]
When I get rich, I want to come
with the birds, and say nothing comprehensible.
Then I am a poet.
Difficult I am to explain, the less thou shalt explain away.
Poetry
1.
It is hymn
it is word
without word
it is eyes and the hand
air is and light
2.
One time
but none really
and no one knows
I have a name
and name have
just that
oh that a
name
3.
That shadows
wordlessness
Till that is
and silence
And happens therein
and eye's look thereupon,
all therearound
and in light's flame [End Page 18]
4.
Where I navigate my own great waters, am I closely come to
you where you walk
and speak soon a tongue
and known as only what we love.
5.
Cut out, cut
you, your word
cut out your
contour, that you cannot
explain.
Be what you are
be that music
be you, your self
like a word concert
be you, as one hidden in world's muteness
a dreamt concert.
6.
In that world
world and
in you
in your room's world
I
on the street
at a loss
An earth and shall lower
down its face [End Page 19]
7.
A chord a tone a fleeing minute
a stone and fell in space or water's depths
and not returns
a milestone pushed aside
on endlessways' journey
a center in an aiming towards waylessnesses
a center rest, wave's entrance, drop's fusion
with timeless-, roomless-oceanlikenesses
— our word — our life!
8.
That in eyes
scent and coolness
only
and that like
and like you
that — is
9.
I am sausagemakersbrawn and butcher's hand, I am toothless mouths
and tapeworm. I am doctor of learned routine and professor of dumbness.
I am general of an imagined salvation, I am full of — morals:
I am whistlingly vacant like an ocarina. And if I carry a truth, it's
not my fault. I am mockerer's mockery and world turned upside down.
I am finger to finger, but I don't carry the Hand.
10.
This morning. Peace
and the gull's shriek.
A boat and flower
is land and water.
Flower's boat is day's
air under the horizon. [End Page 20]
11.
I have no bird's name and herb's text
and from myself I speak
hear I that voice
seek I
I find words: and come,
words and more than understand
words and that not other is.
12.
Now glide all boats away
now flaps all for the windless-
wind away
now stills over bay and sea and the gulfs
now dies the summer's sun
and the yachts' white sails
now flutters light
for the last summercheertime
now — just like in the fogs
light of the fogs
light
of grayday's mildness's
the fading's non-faded
in the September evening
light
sounding and heard, and
not really
— listen not, you hear it not
but yet clearest
sounding and heard [End Page 21]
13.
We went not namelessly away
our life was to give name
and word and form,
give eye's light
give stone and the sand
to learn that and we not did learn
and that under world's name and name
go deepest
namelessly away.
14.
As boiling stream of lava you are,
scorched, you scorch,
or petrify. As stone by stone
stands everything at fate's gate.
As stiffened statue is all, what more of altar-service, of dance
or trade, —
only body's images, grey as cement or ashes. —
What you were, is the tones, your eye caught
and ear bore
as sounds in the face.
15.
Calm it is quiet
it speaks not laughs not
it is quiet
calm, thinks not
longs not anymore
calm it is quiet
the eye has shut itself
the heart doesn't beat. [End Page 22]
16.
A painting closed
like a whole's
glance of everything
only a reflex
an image a shimmer
day and light's
that is
as arrow-like
and upon the wing
so white
an evening's-peace-hour
bodiless hand
a morning merely
that with golden water's
hands.
17.
Words — they light up
words
so close close
simpler
the words
and gently listening
there is
and like bread in the hand
day — and nobody has it —
and in life
going right in. [End Page 23]
18.
Word is word
and thing stands in my room
But word's image
image and word and to word
Oh don't stay
Remain not, remember not:
it is no more it is
after all
19.
We go and search
and we wander
we go and search
it is not in the words
it is not words
words not
but of a naught
oh your day
20.
You go the
words
and where
were you, it was
I know not and
that to your ear
will
and with the eye
merely with finger
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